Uso de solución salina hipertónica al 3 por ciento en niños con bronquiolitis aguda / Usage of 3 percent Hypertonic Saline Solution in Children with Acute Bronchitis

Introducción: La bronquiolitis aguda es la infección del tracto respiratorio inferior más frecuente en el lactante. Tiene una incidencia anual del 10 por ciento en los lactantes y una tasa de ingreso de entre el 2 y el 5 por ciento con un incremento importante en los últimos años. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del uso de solución salina hipertónica al 3 por ciento nebulizada en pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico longitudinal prospectivo de tipo casos y controles. El universo estuvo constituido por 132 pacientes distribuidos en 66 casos y 66 controles. Resultados: La edad media fue de 3,6 ± 2,5 meses. Los sibilantes se hallaron en 129 pacientes, lo que representó el 97,7 por ciento. Se encontró una estadía hospitalaria media de 3,19 ± 1,41 días en los casos, mientras que en los controles se encontró una media de 4,97 ± 1,77 días, diferencia que resultó altamente significativa (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Aunque los pacientes tratados con solución salina hipertónica al 3 por ciento necesitaron más días con oxigenoterapia, el tratamiento resultó ser efectivo al mostrar una menor estadía hospitalaria y un menor número de complicaciones en pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda(AU)

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis is the most frequent lower respiratory tract infection in the infant. It has a yearly incidence of 10 percent in infants and an admission rate of 2 percent to 5 percent, with a significant increase in recent years. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of nebulized 3 percent hypertonic saline solution treatment in patients with acute bronchiolitis. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal and analytical study of case-control design was carried out. The universe consisted of 132 patients distributed into 66 cases and 66 controls. Results: The mean age was 3.6±2.5 months. Wheezing was found in 129 patients, accounting for 97.7 percent. A mean hospital stays of 3.19±1.41 days was found in cases, while a mean of 4.97±1.77 days was found in controls, a difference that was highly significant (P<0.001). Conclusions: Although patients treated with 3 percent hypertonic saline solution required more days with oxygen therapy, the treatment proved to be effective by showing a shorter hospital stay and a lower number of complications in patients with acute bronchiolitis(AU)

Infections respiratoires aigües virales chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans à Conakry: étiologies et prise en charge / Acute viral respiratory infections of children aged 0-15 years in the city of Conakry: aetiologies and management

Introduction. Les infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA) sont des pathologies ubiquitaires très fréquentes, touchant aussi bien les adultes que les enfants. L'inclusion des vaccins conjugués, contre les pneumocoques et l'Haemophilus influenzae type B a modifié l'épidémiologie en réduisant la prévalence de ces bactéries dans les atteintes infectieuses respiratoires, la prédominance virale est devenue la règle. Notre travail avait pour objectif d'identifier les principaux virus responsables d'IRAS chez les enfants au service de pédiatrie de Donka de décrire la prise en charge des enfants. Patients et méthodes. Étude descriptive prospective de 6 mois allant du 01 Avril au 30 Septembre 2022 incluant les enfants admis au service pour IRAS dont une PCR a été réalisée sur prélèvement nasopharyngé. Résultats. Une proportion de 3,3% des 1584 enfants avaient une IRA virale. 51,1% avaient moins de 5 ans. La proportion des filles était de 63,05% et 76,09% des enfants étaient vaccinés selon le programme élargi de vaccination (PEV). Les motifs de consultation les plus fréquents étaient : fièvre, difficulté respiratoire, asthénie physique, myalgie et toux. La bronchiolite était le diagnostic le plus fréquent. Le diagnostic clinique et radiologique était dominé par la bronchiolite, la bronchopneumonie et la pneumonie. La PCR était positive dans 3,26% des cas dont 2/3 pour le virus influenza et 1/3 pour le coronavirus. Le paracétamol, l'oxygénation, l'antibiothérapie et le sérum physiologique dominaient le traitement. Conclusion. La prévalence des IRA reste élevée avec une faible implication virale. Une étude plus poussée comprenant la microbiologie des prélèvements nasopharyngés et la PCR est nécessaire

Introduction. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are very common ubiquitous pathologies, affecting both adults and children. The inclusion of conjugate vaccines, against pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae type b, has changed the epidemiology by reducing the prevalence of these bacteria in respiratory infectious diseases, viral predominance has become the rule. The aim of our study was to identify the main viruses responsible for ARI in children at the Donka Pediatric Department and to secribe the management of patients. Patients and methods. This was a prospective descriptive study of 6 months from 01 April to 30 September 2022 including children admitted to the service for IRAS whose PCR was performed on nasopharyngeal swab. Results. A proportion of 3.3% of the 1584 children had viral SARI. 51.1% were under 5 years of age. The proportion of girls was 63.05% and 76.09% of children were vaccinated according to the EPI. The most common reasons for consultations were fever, difficulty breathing, physical asthenia, myalgia and cough. Bronchiolitis was the most common diagnosis, Clinical and radiological diagnosis was dominated by bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia and pneumonia. PCR was positive in 3.26% of cases including 2/3 for influenza virus and 1/3 for coronavirus. Paracetamol, oxygenation, antibiotic therapy and saline dominated treatment. Conclusion. The prevalence of SARI remains high with low viral involvement. Further study including bacteriology of nasopharyngeal specimens and PCR is needed

The importance of viral load in the severity of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between viral load and the clinical evolution of bronchiolitis is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to analyze viral loads in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis. METHODS: We tested for the presence of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) or human rhinovirus (HRV) using quantitative molecular tests of nasopharyngeal secretions and recorded severity outcomes. RESULTS: We included 70 infants [49 (70%) HRSV, 9 (13%) HRV and 12 (17%) HRSV+HRV]. There were no differences among the groups according to the outcomes analyzed individually. Clinical scores showed greater severity in the isolated HRSV infection group. A higher isolated HRSV viral load was associated with more prolonged ventilatory support, oxygen therapy, and hospitalization days, even after adjustment for the age and period of nasopharyngeal secretion collection. In the co-infection groups, there was a longer duration of oxygen therapy when the HRSV viral load was predominant. Isolated HRV infection and co-infection with a predominance of HRV were not associated with severity. CONCLUSION: Higher HRSV viral load in isolated infections and the predominance of HRSV in co-infections, independent of viral load, were associated with greater severity. These results contribute to the development of therapeutic and prophylactic approaches and a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis.

Bronquiolitis aguda: tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria / Acute bronchiolitis: treatment of respiratory insufficiency

The severe respiratory insufficiency (SRI) caused by acute bronchitis whose main etiology is the respiratory syncytial virus is the main cause of under 2-year-old children hospitalization during the winter months, especially in the risk groups. Its treatment is mainly based in general measures, administration of respiratory support with standard oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation or the emerging high flow nasal cannula therapy, which these past few years has become an easy alternative of use, well tolerated, secure to be used in emergency rooms, basic rooms and pediatric intensive care units. The election of therapy will depend of the patient severity, the level of complexity of the healthcare center and the experience in the different treatment modalities of the health team. It is essential to carry out protocols and guidelines for the management of SRI treatment caused by acute bronchitis for emergency services, basic rooms and pediatric intensive care.

La insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA) causada por bronquiolitis aguda (BA), cuya principal etiología es el virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS), es la principal causa de hospitalizaciones en menores de 2 años durante los meses de invierno, especialmente en grupos de riesgo. Su manejo se basa principalmente en medidas generales, administración de soporte respiratorio con oxigenoterapia estándar, ventilación no invasiva (VNI), ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) o la emergente terapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF), que se ha transformado en los últimos años en una alternativa de fácil uso, bien tolerada, segura para ser usada en los servicios de urgencia, salas básicas y unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). La elección de la terapia a utilizar dependerá de la gravedad del paciente, del nivel de complejidad del centro asistencial y de la experiencia en las distintas modalidades de tratamiento del equipo de salud. Es fundamental realizar protocolos y guías de manejo de tratamiento de la IRA causada por BA tanto para servicios de urgencia, salas básicas como cuidados intensivos pediátricos.

Conditions of vulnerability to the inadequate treatment of bronchiolitis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To analyze clinical and demographic variables possibly associated with the prescriptions of non-recommended but routinely used therapies for infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. METHODS A cross-sectional study included hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Those with other associated infections and/or morbidities were excluded. The data were collected from medical records. RESULTS Among 120 cases, 90% used inhaled beta-agonists, 72.5% corticosteroids, 40% antibiotics, and 66.7% inhaled hypertonic saline solution. The use of bronchodilators did not present an independent association with another variable. More frequent use of corticosteroids was associated with low oximetry, longer hospitalization time, and age>3 months. Antibiotic therapy was associated with the presence of fever, longer hospitalization, and age>3 months. Inhaled hypertonic saline solution was associated with longer hospitalization time. CONCLUSIONS Non-recommended prescriptions were frequent. Corticosteroid and antibiotic therapy were associated with signs of severity, as expected, but interestingly, they were more frequently used in infants above 3m, which suggested less safety in the diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis in these patients. The use of bronchodilators was even more worrying since they were indiscriminately used, without association with another variable related to the severity or characteristics of the host. The use of the inhaled hypertonic solution, although not associated with severity, seems to have implied a longer hospitalization time. The identification of these conditions of greater vulnerability to the prescription of inappropriate therapies contributes to the implantation of protocols for the bronchiolitis treatment, for continuing education and for analysis of the effectiveness of the strategies employed.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Analisar variáveis clínicas e demográficas possivelmente associadas às prescrições de terapêuticas não recomendadas, porém rotineiramente utilizadas, para lactentes com bronquiolite viral aguda. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal incluiu lactentes hospitalizados com bronquiolite por vírus sincicial respiratório. Excluídos aqueles com outras infecções e/ou morbidades. Dados coletados de prontuários. RESULTADOS Analisados 120 casos, para os quais foram prescritos: beta-agonistas inalatórios a 90%; corticosteroides a 72,5%, antibióticos a 40% e solução salina hipertônica inalatória a 66,7%. O uso de broncodilatadores não apresentou associação independente com outra variável. Maior uso de corticosteroide associou-se à baixa oximetria, maior tempo de internação e idade >3 meses. Antibioticoterapia associou-se à presença de febre, maior tempo de internação e idade >3 meses. Solução salina hipertônica inalatória associou-se a maior tempo de internação. CONCLUSÕES A frequência das prescrições não recomendadas foi elevada. Corticosteroide e antibioticoterapia foram associados a sinais de gravidade, como esperado, porém, interessantemente, foram mais utilizados nos lactentes com idade acima de 3 meses, o que sugeriu menor segurança no diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral nesses pacientes. O uso de broncodilatadores foi ainda mais preocupante, uma vez que foram indiscriminadamente utilizados, sem associação com outra variável, seja relacionada à gravidade, seja a características do hospedeiro. O uso de solução hipertônica inalatória, apesar de não associado à gravidade, parece ter implicado maior tempo de internação. A identificação dessas condições de maior vulnerabilidade à prescrição de terapêuticas inadequadas contribui para a implantação de protocolos para o tratamento da BVA, para educação continuada e para posteriores comparações e análises de eficácia das estratégias empregadas.

Auscultação dos sons da deglutição de crianças com bronquiolite / Auscultation of swallowing sounds of children with bronchiolitis

RESUMO Objetivo verificar as características acústicas dos sons de deglutição de lactentes com bronquiolite. Métodos estudo retrospectivo por análise de banco de dados aprovado pelo CEP sob o número 1499.911. Os sinais acústicos foram coletados por meio dos estetoscópios eletrônicos da marca Littmann®, modelo 4100. A amostra foi composta por sons da deglutição de lactentes com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda, internados em um hospital infantil do Sul do país. Os sons armazenados em arquivo digital foram abertos e rodados no software Deglutisom®, sendo verificados e confirmados por dois avaliadores independentes. Estabeleceu-se o pico de frequência, intensidade e intervalos de deglutição. Resultados a amostra de sons da deglutição de 22 crianças, sendo 31,8% do gênero feminino e 68,2% do masculino, apresentou mediana de idade de 81 dias. Encontrou-se diferença entre as características acústicas da deglutição comparadas ao gênero, com maior número de deglutições no gênero feminino (p=0,033). Não houve associação entre as variáveis pico de frequência (m=744 Hz), intensidade (m=52 dB) e tempo de deglutição (5,3s). Conclusão as características acústicas da deglutição da auscultação cervical de lactentes com bronquiolite, analisadas neste estudo, são de pico de frequência grave, intensidade forte, média de duas deglutições por sucção e tempo de deglutição de 5,3 s, havendo diferença entre os gêneros, em relação ao número de deglutições, maior no feminino.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the acoustic characteristics of swallowing noise in an infant with bronchiolitis. Methods A retrospective study was performed by database analysis approved by the ERC under the number 1499.911; the acoustic signals were collected through Littmann® model 4100 electronic stethoscopes. The sample was composed of a bank of infants swallowing sounds, diagnosed with acute viral bronchiolitis, children under 12 months-old, hospitalized in a children's hospital in the south of the Country. The sound file storage was opened, and it was rotated in the Deglutisom® software, being verified and confirmed by two independent judges. The peak of frequency, intensity, and swallowing intervals were established. Results The sample totalized a group of 22 babies, 31.8% of the female gender, and 68. 2% of males with a median age of 81 days. There was a difference between the acoustic characteristics of swallowing compared to the gender, regarding the number of swallows, with the highest number of swallows in the female gender (p=0.033). There was no association between the peak frequency (m=744 Hz), intensity (m=52 dB), and swallowing time (5.3s). Conclusion The acoustic characteristics of cervical auscultation swallowing of Infants with bronchiolitis are bass frequency peak, a strong intensity, a mean of two swallows, and a swallowing time of 5.3 s, with the difference between genders concerning the number of swallows, highest in the female.

Disfagia orofaríngea y neumopatías en la infancia / Oropharyngeal dysphagia and childhood pneumopathies

OBJETIVOS: Presentar brevemente las principales patologías pulmonares y sus interferencias en la alimentación de niños. MÉTODOS: Se trata de una Actualización, basada en referencias bibliográficas actuales y referencias en pediatría. RESULTADOS: Se presentaron las posibles alteraciones de deglución en niños con: Bronquilitis Viral Aguda, Displasia Broncopulmonar, Enfermedades Intersticiales Pulmonares y Neumonias Aspirativas. CONCLUSIONES: Este material sirve para dirigir la atención del público de atención en salud en general, para trastornos de deglución niños neumópatas.

OBJECTIVES: Present briefly the main pulmonary pathologies and their interferences in the feeding of children. METHODS: This is an Update, based on current bibliographical references and references in pediatrics. RESULTS: Possible alterations of swallowing were presented in children with: Acute Viral Bronchitis, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Pulmonary Interstitial Diseases and Aspirative Pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: This material serves to direct the attention of the health care public in general, for children swallowing disorders pneumatics.

Heliox delivered by high flow nasal cannula improves oxygenation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus acute bronchiolitis / Heliox administrado por cânula nasal de alto fluxo melhora a oxigenação em crianças com bronquiolite aguda por vírus sincicial respiratório

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis that use of heliox would result in improvement of gas exchange when used with high flow nasal cannula in infants with RSV acute bronchiolitis. Methods: All patients that met the inclusion criteria were randomized to either heliox (70:30) or air-oxygen mixture 30% via high flow nasal cannula at 8 L/min for a continuous 24 h. Measurements were taken at baseline, after 2 h, and at the end of the 24 h. Results: This prospective study included 48 patients. After 2 h of treatment with heliox, the oxygen saturation and PaO2 significantly improved when compared with the air-oxygen group, 98.3% vs. 92.9%, 62.0 mmHg vs. 43.6 mmHg (p = 0.04 and 0.01), respectively. Furthermore, PaO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly higher in the heliox group when compared with the air-oxygen group, 206.7 vs. 145.3. Nevertheless, CO2 showed better elimination when heliox was used, without significance. MWCA score dropped significantly in the heliox group, 2.2 points vs. 4.0 points in air-oxygen (p = 0.04), 2 h after starting the therapy. Conclusion: Transient improvement of oxygenation in infants with RSV acute bronchiolitis during the initial phase of the therapy is associated with heliox when provided with HFNC, may provide a precious time for other therapeutic agents to work or for the disease to resolve naturally, avoiding other aggressive interventions.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a hipótese de que o uso da mistura heliox resultaria em melhoria da troca gasosa quando usado com cânula nasal de alto fluxo em crianças com bronquiolite aguda por VSR. Métodos: Todos os pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram randomizados para receber a mistura heliox (70:30) ou a mistura ar/oxigênio a 30% por meio da cânula nasal de alto fluxo a 8 L/min por 24 horas contínuas. As medições foram feitas no início, depois de duas horas e ao fim de 24 horas. Resultados: Fizemos um estudo prospectivo em que foram incluídos 48 pacientes. Após duas horas de tratamento com a mistura heliox, a saturação de oxigênio e a PaO2 apresentaram melhoria significativa em comparação com o grupo da mistura ar/oxigênio: 98,3% em comparação com 92,9%, 62,0 mmHg em comparação com 43,6 mmHg (p = 0,04 e 0,01), respectivamente. Além disso, a relação PaO2/FiO2 era significativamente mais alta no grupo da mistura heliox do que no grupo da mistura ar/oxigênio, 2.067 em comparação com 1.453. Contudo, o CO2 apresentou melhor eliminação quando a mistura heliox foi usada, sem relevância. O Escore MWCA caiu significativamente no grupo da mistura heliox, 2,2 pontos em comparação com 4,0 pontos da mistura ar/oxigênio (p = 0,04) duas horas após o início da terapia. Conclusão: A breve melhoria da oxigenação em crianças com bronquiolite aguda por VSR na fase inicial da terapia está associada à mistura heliox quando administrada pela CNAF e poderá fornecer um tempo precioso para outros agentes terapêuticos funcionarem ou para a própria doença se curar naturalmente e evitar outras intervenções agressivas.

Literature review and future strategies of childhood respiratory diseases in Korea

Thirty years have passed since the Korean Association of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease was founded. There have been great changes in the pattern of respiratory diseases in Korean children during the last 30 years with economic development in the country. Pneumonia remains the leading cause of childhood morbidity, despite advances in the prevention and management. The incidence and mortality of pneumonia caused by typical bacterial pathogens have been reduced. However, the predominance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae or virus-associated diseases is emerging, which suggests that novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are needed. Viral bronchiolitis is one of the most substantial health burdens for infants and young children worldwide. Although respiratory syncytial virus is the most common pathogen, molecular diagnostic techniques have identified many other viruses including human rhinovirus causing bronchiolitis. Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by chronic infection, airway inflammation, and progressive lung function decline. Research into the interactions between early life respiratory infections and development of bronchiectasis is imperative to halt the disease in its origin and improve adult outcomes. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life-threatening lung disease with diffuse inflammatory lung injury leading to pulmonary edema and hypoxia. Although many modalities to treat ARDS have been studied, supportive therapies and lung protective ventilator support remains the mainstay. This review focuses on the current trends in research on these childhood respiratory diseases through literature review and aims to investigate the impact of Korean study results in this field.

Efectividad de las diferentes técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria en la bronquiolitis. Revisión sistemática / Effectiveness of different techniques of respiratory physiotherapy in bronchiolitis. Systematic review

Introducción: La bronquiolitis de tipo viral es la patología respiratoria más común en menores de 1 año, siendo el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) el principal agente infeccioso involucrado con cerca del 80% de los casos. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de las diferentes técnicas de fisioterapia respiratoria en la reducción del puntaje en la escala de severidad y la mejora de los parámetros fisiológicos en lactantes con bronquiolitis. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos: PEDro, SciELO y Medline. Fueron incluidos ensayos controlados aleatorios con pacientes diagnosticados con bronquiolitis. Se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2006 hasta el 29 de septiembre de 2016, tanto en lengua española como inglesa. La selección de estudios se realizó de manera independiente, no cegada por 2 revisores, y se llevó a cabo una clasificación de los estudios mediante la escala PEDro. Resultados: Se encontraron 140 artículos que potencialmente podrían incluirse a este trabajo. Al determinar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, solo se seleccionaron 10 artículos para su análisis. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia moderada a favor del uso de la nebulización hipertónica al 3% en lactantes con bronquiolitis para disminuir la estancia hospitalaria y la puntuación de severidad; evidencia moderada a favor del uso de técnicas de modificaciones de flujo espiratorio en lactantes con bronquiolitis para disminuir la puntuación de severidad y evidencia moderada en contra del uso de las técnicas de percusión y vibraciones para disminuir la estancia hospitalaria y puntuación de la severidad (AU).

Introduction: The bronchiolitis of viral guy is the respiratory pathology more common in under 1 year, being the respiratory syncytial virus (VRS) the main infectious implicated agent with close to 80 % of the cases. Objective: To determine the efficacy of the different Chest physiotherapy in reducing the score on the severity scale and improving the physiological parameters in infants with bronchiolitis. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out in the databases PEDro, Scielo and Medline. We included controlled, randomized trials with patients diagnosed with bronchiolitis. We chose articles published in the period from January 1st 2006 and September 29, 2016, both in Spanish and in English. The studies compilation was performed in an independent way, not blinded by 2 reviewers, and the studies were classified using the PEDro scale. Results: We found 140 articles that potentially might be included in this work. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 10 articles were chosen for the analysis. Conclusions: There is moderate evidence in favor of the use of nebulized 3% hypertonic in infants with bronchiolitis to reduce hospital stay and severity score; moderate evidence in favor of the use of expiratory flow modification techniques in infants with bronchiolitis to decrease the severity score and moderate evidence against the use of percussion and vibrations techniques to decrease hospital stay and severity score (AU).

Acute viral bronchiolitis and risk of asthma in schoolchildren: analysis of a Brazilian newborn cohort / Bronquiolite viral aguda e risco de asma em escolares: análise de coorte de recém-nascidos brasileiros

Abstract Objective: To verify whether the occurrence of acute viral bronchiolitis in the first year of life constitutes a risk factor for asthma at age 6 considering a parental history of asthma. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a cohort of live births. A standardized questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood was applied to the mothers to identify asthma in children at the age of 6 years. Acute viral bronchiolitis diagnosis was performed by maternal report of a medical diagnosis and/or presence of symptoms of coryza accompanied by cough, tachypnea, and dyspnea when participants were 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Socioeconomic, environmental data, parental history of asthma, and data related to pregnancy were collected in the first 72 h of life of the newborn and in prospective home visits by trained interviewers. The association between acute viral bronchiolitis and asthma was evaluated by logistic regression analysis and potential modifier effect of parental history was verified by introducing an interaction term into the adjusted logistic regression model. Results: Prevalence of acute viral bronchiolitis in the first year of life was 68.6% (461). The occurrence of acute viral bronchiolitis was a risk factor for asthma at 6 years of age in children with parental history of asthma OR: 2.66, 95% CI (1.10-6.40), modifier effect p = 0.002. Parental history of asthma OR: 2.07, 95% CI (1.29-3.30) and male gender OR: 1.69, 95% CI, (1.06-2.69) were other identified risk factors for asthma. Conclusion: Acute viral bronchiolitis in the first year of life is a risk factor for asthma in children with parental history of asthma.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar se a ocorrência de bronquiolite viral aguda (BVA) no primeiro ano de vida constitui fator de risco para asma aos seis anos considerando a história parental de asma. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal aninhado a uma coorte de nascidos vivos. O questionário padronizado do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) foi aplicado às mães para identificar asma nas crianças de seis anos. O diagnóstico de BVA foi feito por relato materno de diagnóstico médico e/ou presença de sintomas de coriza acompanhados de tosse, taquipneia e dispneia quando os participantes tinham três, seis, nove e 12 meses. Dados socioeconômicos, ambientais, história parental de asma e referentes à gestação foram coletados nas primeiras 72 horas de vida do recém-nascido e em visitas domiciliares prospectivas por entrevistadores treinados. Associação entre BVA e asma foi avaliada por análise de regressão logística e potencial efeito modificador da história parental verificado pela introdução do termo de interação no modelo de regressão logística ajustada. Resultados: A prevalência de BVA no primeiro ano de vida foi 68,6% (461). A ocorrência de BVA foi fator de risco para asma aos seis anos em crianças com história parental de asma OR: 2,66 (1,10-6,40), efeito modificador p = 0,002. História parental de asma OR: 2,07 IC95% (1,29-3,30) e sexo masculino OR: 1,69 IC95% (1,06-2,69) foram outros fatores de risco identificados para asma. Conclusão: BVA no primeiro ano de vida é fator de risco para asma em crianças com história parental de asma.

Viral bronchiolitis in young infants: new perspectives for management and treatment / Bronquiolite viral em neonatos jovens: novas perspectivas para manejo e tratamento

Abstract Objective: The aim of this review was to address advances in management and treatment of acute viral bronchiolitis in infants. Sources: A systematic review search was made including all articles published in English between 2010 and 2017, and available in the electronic databases PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and specialized register of the Acute Respiratory Infections Group (Cochrane review group). The following MESH terms in English were included, using different Boolean operators for the search strategy: "bronchiolitis, viral," "diagnosis," "epidemiology," "etiology," "therapy," "virology," "prevention and control," "respiratory syncytial virus, human." Additional filters were used. Summary of findings: Few effective interventions are recommended for the management of RSV bronchiolitis in young infants. The main goal is to ensure an adequate oxygen supplementation and fluid balance whenever deemed necessary. Hypertonic saline nebulization is helpful only for hospitalized infants. Numerous antiviral drugs and specific vaccines for RSV are under evaluation and foretell advances in disease management in the near future. Conclusion: A number of promising new technologies are advancing in the field. Until new interventions became feasible, early detection and modification of preventable risk factors is essential to improve outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo: Abordar avanços no manejo e no tratamento de bronquiolite viral aguda em neonatos. Fontes: Uma pesquisa de análise sistemática foi feita e incluiu todos os artigos publicados em inglês entre 2010 e 2017 e disponíveis nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, no Registro Central de Ensaios Controlados (Central) da Cochrane e no registro especializado do Grupo de Infecções Respiratórias Agudas (grupo de revisão Cochrane). Os seguintes termos MESH em inglês foram incluídos na abordagem com diferentes operadores booleanos para a estratégia de pesquisa: "bronquiolite, viral", "diagnóstico", "epidemiologia", "etiologia", "terapia", "virologia", "prevenção e controle", "vírus sincicial respiratório, humano". Foram usados filtros adicionais. Resumo dos achados: Poucas intervenções efetivas são recomendadas para o manejo da bronquiolite por VSR em neonatos jovens. O principal objetivo é garantir uma suplementação de oxigênio adequada e equilíbrio de fluidos sempre que considerado necessário. A nebulização de solução salina hipertônica ajuda apenas em casos de neonatos hospitalizados. Vários medicamentos antivirais e vacinas específicas contra VSR estão em fase de avaliação e predizem avanços no manejo da doença no futuro próximo. Conclusão: Várias novas tecnologias promissoras avançam no campo. Até que as novas intervenções se tornem viáveis, a detecção precoce e a modificação de fatores de risco de prevenção são fundamentais para melhorar os resultados.

Lack of association between viral load and severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants / Falta de associação entre carga viral e gravidade da bronquiolite aguda em lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the correlation between respiratory syncytial viral load and length of hospitalization in infants with acute wheezing episodes. Methods: This was a two-year, cross-sectional study of infants ≤ 12 months of age with bronchiolitis at the time of admission to a tertiary hospital. For the identification of respiratory viruses, nasopharyngeal secretions were collected. Samples were analyzed (throughout the study period) by direct immunofluorescence and (in the second year of the study) by quantitative real-time PCR. We screened for three human viruses: rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and metapneumovirus. Results: Of 110 samples evaluated by direct immunofluorescence, 56 (50.9%) were positive for a single virus, and 16 (14.5%) were positive for two or more viruses. Among those 72 samples, the most prevalent virus was respiratory syncytial virus, followed by influenza. Of 56 samples evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, 24 (42.8%) were positive for a single virus, and 1 (1.7%) was positive for two viruses. Among those 25 samples, the most prevalent virus was again respiratory syncytial virus, followed by human rhinovirus. Coinfection did not influence the length of the hospital stay or other outcome s. In addition, there was no association between respiratory syncytial virus load and the length of hospitalization. Conclusions: Neither coinfection nor respiratory syncytial viral load appears to influence the outcomes of acute bronchiolitis in infants.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre a carga viral do vírus sincicial respiratório e o tempo de internação hospitalar em lactentes com episódios de sibilância aguda. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal de dois anos envolvendo lactentes de até 12 meses de idade com bronquiolite no momento da internação em um hospital terciário. Para a identificação dos vírus respiratórios foram coletadas secreções nasofaríngeas. As amostras foram analisadas (por todo o período do estudo) por imunofluorescência direta e (no segundo ano do estudo) por PCR quantitativa em tempo real para três vírus humanos (rinovírus, vírus sincicial respiratório e metapneumovírus). Resultados: Das 110 amostras avaliadas por imunofluorescência direta, 56 (50,9%) foram positivas para um único vírus, e 16 (14,5%) foram positivas para dois ou mais vírus. Nessas 72 amostras, o vírus mais prevalente foi o vírus sincicial respiratório, seguido por influenza. Das 56 amostras avaliadas por PCR quantitativa em tempo real, 24 (42,8%) foram positivas para um único vírus, e 1 (1,7%) foi positiva para dois vírus. Nessas 25 amostras, o vírus mais prevalente foi o vírus sincicial respiratório, seguido por rinovírus humano. A coinfecção não influenciou o tempo de internação ou outros desfechos. Além disso, não houve associação entre a carga viral de vírus sincicial respiratório e o tempo de internação. Conclusões: A coinfecção e a carga viral do vírus sincicial respiratório não parecem influenciar os desfechos em lactentes com bronquiolite aguda.

Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality in Brazil: implications for the immunisation policy for at-risk populations

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of hospitalisation for respiratory diseases among children under 5 years old. The aim of this study was to analyse RSV seasonality in the five distinct regions of Brazil using time series analysis (wavelet and Fourier series) of the following indicators: monthly positivity of the immunofluorescence reaction for RSV identified by virologic surveillance system, and rate of hospitalisations per bronchiolitis and pneumonia due to RSV in children under 5 years old (codes CID-10 J12.1, J20.5, J21.0 and J21.9). A total of 12,501 samples with 11.6% positivity for RSV (95% confidence interval 11 - 12.2), varying between 7.1 and 21.4% in the five Brazilian regions, was analysed. A strong trend for annual cycles with a stable stationary pattern in the five regions was identified through wavelet analysis of the indicators. The timing of RSV activity by Fourier analysis was similar between the two indicators analysed and showed regional differences. This study reinforces the importance of adjusting the immunisation period for high risk population with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab taking into account regional differences in seasonality of RSV.

Actualización en el tratamiento de bronquiolitis aguda: menos es más / Update in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis: less is more

Viral bronchiolitis is a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in children under two years old. Evidence-based management guidelines suggest that there is no effective treatment for bronchiolitis and that supportive care - hydration and oxygenation - remains the cornerstone of clinical management. In this review we describe the current guidelines of treatment with emphasis in the limitation of unnecessary testing and intervention. Also, we discuss the future directions in the research of new therapies for bronchiolitis.

La bronquiolitis viral es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en niños de menos de dos años de edad en todo el mundo. Las guías clínicas basadas en la evidencia sugieren que no existe un tratamiento efectivo para la bronquiolitis y que la hidratación y una adecuada oxigenación, siguen siendo la base del manejo clínico. En esta revisión, se describen las actuales guías de tratamiento haciendo énfasis en limitar los exámenes e intervenciones innecesarias. También discutimos la investigación en nuevas terapias para la bronquiolitis.

Características e evolução de crianças com bronquiolite viral aguda submetidas à ventilação mecânica / Characteristics and progression of children with acute viral bronchiolitis subjected to mechanical ventilation

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as características de crianças com bronquiolite viral aguda submetidas à ventilação mecânica em 3 anos consecutivos, relacionando a evolução com os parâmetros de ventilação mecânica e o balanço hídrico. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal de uma série de casos de lactentes (< 1 ano) submetidos à ventilação mecânica por bronquiolite viral aguda entre janeiro de 2012 e setembro de 2014 na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Os prontuários foram revisados e foram coletados dados antropométricos e dados referentes à ventilação mecânica, ao balanço hídrico, à evolução e a complicações maiores. Resultados: Incluídos 66 lactentes (3,0 ± 2,0 meses e peso médio de 4,7 ± 1,4kg), sendo 62% do sexo masculino, com etiologia viral identificada em 86%. O tempo médio de ventilação mecânica foi 6,5 ± 2,9 dias, tempo de unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de 9,1 ± 3,5 dias, com mortalidade de 1,5% (1/66). O pico de pressão inspiratória médio manteve-se em 30cmH2O nos 4 primeiros dias de ventilação mecânica, reduzindo-se na pré-extubação (25cmH2O; p < 0,05). Pneumotórax ocorreu em 10% e falha de extubação em 9%, sendo a metade por obstrução alta. O balanço hídrico cumulativo no quarto dia de ventilação mecânica foi 402 ± 254mL, correspondendo a um aumento de 9,0 ± 5,9% no peso. Tiveram aumento de 10% ou mais no peso 37 pacientes (56%), sem associação significativa aos parâmetros ventilatórios no 4º dia de ventilação mecânica, falha de extubação ou tempos de ventilação mecânica e unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Conclusão: A taxa de ventilação mecânica na bronquiolite viral aguda tem se mantido constante, apresentando baixa mortalidade, poucos efeitos adversos e associada a balanço hídrico cumulativo positivo nos primeiros dias. Melhor controle hídrico poderia reduzir o tempo de ventilação mecânica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the characteristics of children with acute viral bronchiolitis subjected to mechanical ventilation for three consecutive years and to correlate their progression with mechanical ventilation parameters and fluid balance. Methods: Longitudinal study of a series of infants (< one year old) subjected to mechanical ventilation for acute viral bronchitis from January 2012 to September 2014 in the pediatric intensive care unit. The children's clinical records were reviewed, and their anthropometric data, mechanical ventilation parameters, fluid balance, clinical progression, and major complications were recorded. Results: Sixty-six infants (3.0 ± 2.0 months old and with an average weight of 4.7 ± 1.4kg) were included, of whom 62% were boys; a virus was identified in 86%. The average duration of mechanical ventilation was 6.5 ± 2.9 days, and the average length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit was 9.1 ± 3.5 days; the mortality rate was 1.5% (1/66). The peak inspiratory pressure remained at 30cmH2O during the first four days of mechanical ventilation and then decreased before extubation (25 cmH2O; p < 0.05). Pneumothorax occurred in 10% of the sample and extubation failure in 9%, which was due to upper airway obstruction in half of the cases. The cumulative fluid balance on mechanical ventilation day four was 402 ± 254mL, which corresponds to an increase of 9.0 ± 5.9% in body weight. Thirty-seven patients (56%) exhibited a weight gain of 10% or more, which was not significantly associated with the ventilation parameters on mechanical ventilation day four, extubation failure, duration of mechanical ventilation or length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit. Conclusion: The rate of mechanical ventilation for acute viral bronchiolitis remains constant, being associated with low mortality, few adverse effects, and positive cumulative fluid balance during the first days. Better fluid control might reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation.

Atualizações no tratamento de bronquiolite viral aguda / Updates on acute bronchiolitis treatment

Bronquiolite viral aguda consiste em uma afecção viral que acomete lactentes com idade inferior a dois anos, sendo o pico de incidência abaixo de seis meses de vida. O quadro clínico consiste em sintomas de infecção de vias aéreas superiores, que evolui após dois a quatro dias com cansaço, dispneia, taquipneia, além de esforço respiratório. Febre e redução da aceitação da dieta também podem ocorrer. Apneia tem sido relatada em casos graves ou em prematuros. O diagnóstico baseia-se na história clínica e no exame físico, sendo exames complementares reservados quando há suspeita de outros diagnósticos ou de complicações. O tratamento é suportivo, sendo a oxigenoterapia indicada para pacientes com saturação de oxigênio abaixo de 90%. Atualmente, o corticoide oral não tem indicação no tratamento. Broncodilatadores não são indicados de rotina e o uso da salina hipertônica é controverso. O antiviral, ribavirina, tem indicação em casos específicos, devido aos efeitos adversos e ao alto custo. A profilaxia da BVA é fundamental, sendo a lavagem das mãos e o uso de álcool, de máscaras e de luvas essenciais para prevenção da doença. Como medicação profilática, o palivizumabe é indicado apenas em casos selecionados.(AU)

Acute bronchiolitis consists of a viral infection that affects children younger than 2 years old, with the peak of incidence under 6 months. The clinical disease has symptoms of infection of the upper airway, which develops after 2-4 days with fatigue, dyspnea, tachypnea, and respiratory effort. Fever and reduction of dietary compliance, may also occur. Apnea has been reported in severe cases or premature. The diagnosis is based on clinical history and physical examination, reserved additional tests when there is a suspicion of other diagnoses or complications. Treatment is supportive, the oxygen therapy is indicated for patients with oxygen saturation under 90%. Currently, oral corticosteroids has no indication for the treatment. The use of bronchodilators is not routinely indicated and the use of hypertonic saline is controversial. The use of the antiviral ribavirin is indicated in specific cases because there are adverse effects and high costs. Prophylaxis of bronchiolitis is fundamental, and hand-washing, use of alcohol, use of masks and gloves are essential for disease prevention. The use of palivizumab is indicated in selected cases.(AU)

Sinais clínicos de disfagia em lactentes com bronquiolite viral aguda / Clinical signs of dysphagia in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis

Objetivo: Determinar a ocorrência de sinais clínicos de disfagia em lactentes com bronquiolite viral aguda e comparar os parâmetros respiratórios entre as fases da deglutição, assim como realizar a concordância intra e interexaminadores da avaliação clínica da deglutição. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 42 lactentes, entre zero e 12 meses. A avaliação clínica da deglutição foi acompanhada das medidas da frequência respiratória e oximetria de pulso. Foi elaborado um escore de alterações de deglutição para estabelecer associações com demais variáveis do estudo e, para a avaliação clínica, realizada a concordância intra e interexaminadores. Os cuidadores responderam a um questionário sobre dificuldades de alimentação. O nível de significância utilizado foi p<0,05. Resultados: Foram encontradas alterações na fase oral (pausas prolongadas) e faríngea (respiração ruidosa, tosse e engasgos) da deglutição. Houve aumento significativo da frequência respiratória entre o momento pré e pós-alimentação, e quase metade dos lactentes apresentou taquipneia. Observou-se associação entre o escore de alterações de deglutição e a queda de saturação de oxigênio. Os lactentes cujos cuidadores relataram dificuldades de alimentação durante a internação tiveram um número maior de alterações de deglutição na avaliação. A concordância intraexaminador foi considerada muito boa. Conclusões: Lactentes com bronquiolite viral aguda apresentaram alterações de deglutição, acrescidas de mudanças na frequência respiratória e nas medidas das taxas de saturação de oxigênio...

Objective: To determine the occurrence of clinical signs of dysphagia in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis, to compare the respiratory parameters during deglutition, and to ensure the intra- and inter- examiners agreement, as well as to accomplish intra and interexaminators concordance of the clinical evaluation of the deglutition. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 42 infants aged 0-12 months. The clinical evaluation was accompanied by measurements of respiratory rate and pulse oximetry. A score of swallowing disorders was designed to establish associations with other studied variables and to ensure the intra- and interrater agreement of clinical feeding assessments. Caregivers also completed a questionnaire about feeding difficulties. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Changes in the oral phase (prolonged pauses) and pharyngeal phase (wheezing, coughing and gagging) of swallowing were found. A significant increase in respiratory rate between pre- and post-feeding times was found, and it was determined that almost half of the infants had tachypnea. An association was observed between the swallowing disorder scores and a decrease in oxygen saturation. Infants whose caregivers reported feeding difficulties during hospitalization stated a significantly greater number of changes in the swallowing evaluation. The intra-rater agreement was considered to be very good. Conclusions: Infants with acute viral bronchiolitis displayed swallowing disorders in addition to changes in respiratory rate and measures of oxygen saturation. It is suggested, therefore, that infants displaying these risk factors have a higher probability of dysphagia...

Perfil dos pacientes internados por bronquiolite viral aguda em uma unidade de terapia intensiva em hospital infantil do sul do Brasil / Profile of patients admitted in an intensive care unit for acute viral bronchiolitis in a South Brazilian children’s hospital

Introdução: Bronquiolite Viral Aguda (BVA) é uma infecção respiratória que compromete vias aéreas de pequeno calibre e pode necessitar de suporte ventilatório e, nos casos mais complicados, suporte hemodinâmico. O principal agente etiológico é o Vírus Sincicial Respiratório (VSR). O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o perfil epidemiológico de crianças com este diagnóstico em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos: Estudo descritivo aplicado em pacientes com diagnóstico de BVA internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital da Criança Conceição. Resultados: No período do estudo, ocorreram 193 casos, correspondendo a 15,8% do total de internações, com tempo aproximado de internação de 7,5 dias, acometendo crianças com uma média de idade de 3,4 meses. O VSR foi o agente etiológico mais frequente. Suporte ventilatório foi necessário em 48,2% dos pacientes e hemodinâmicos, em 28,3%. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 1,5%. Conclusão: Em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de Porto Alegre foi estudado 193 casos de BVA, correspondendo a 15,8% do total de internações por este diagnóstico, com taxa de mortalidade de 1,5%. O principal agente etiológico causador foi o VSR e foi identificada maior prevalência de ventilação mecânica nos pacientes de menor peso e menor idade.

Introduction: Acute Viral Bronchiolitis (AVB) is a respiratory infection that affects the small-caliber airways and may require ventilatory support and, in more complicated cases, hemodynamic support. The main etiologic agent is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The aim of this work is to describe the epidemiological profile of children with this diagnosis in a pediatric intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive study of patients with AVB admitted to the Intensive Care Unit at Hospital da Criança Conceição. Results: In the study period there occurred 193 cases, corresponding to 15.8% of total admissions, with an approximate length of stay of 7.5 days, involving children with a mean age of 3.4 months. Respiratory syncytial virus was the most common etiologic agent. Ventilatory support was necessary in 48.2% of patients and hemodynamic support in 28.3%. The mortality rate was 1.5%. Conclusion: In a pediatric intensive care unit in Porto Alegre, 193 cases of BVA were studied, corresponding to 15.8% of total admissions for this diagnosis with a mortality rate of 1.5%. The main etiologic agent was RSV and a higher prevalence of mechanical ventilation was identified for lower weight and younger patients.